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 surfing images : photography, 1890 to 1930 

surfing images : photography, 1890 to 1930.

Introduction
Illustrations
Photography
Postcards

Introduction
Publication of photographs:
1856 First general treatise on the various applications of photography to the printing press published by Georg Kessler in Berlin.
1857 John Pouncy's Doretshire Photographically Illustrated was the first book illustrated by photo-lithography, two volumes containing 79 plates in total.
1883 Photogravure, First in Britain by T. and R. Annan of Glasgow .

- Book Information Website : Book History Chronology
http://www.xs4all.nl/~knops/index3.htm

PHOTOGRAPHY


King Kalakaua, Commodore and Mrs. John S. Dickerson, others, and surfboard rider, Waikiki, 1887 (cropped).

Hawai‘i State Archives Digital Collections

Call number: PP-96-14-012
http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=2245&g2_imageViewsIndex=1

Identified by Herve Magnificat and posted on the Surf Blurb, 14 July 2014.

Surfboard riding exhibitions by the King's retainers were a common attraction at Kalakaua's royal beach parties, the local press reported two similar occasions on 6th and 25th June, 1887.
The extreme length of the board probably indicates it was from the royal collection, stored in an annex at Waikiki.
Of considerable antiquity, it is similar to boards donated to the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.


Chief Paki's surfboard, 15ft 7'' x 18'', circa 1830, Bishop Museum Catalogue No. 298.
Margan and Finney: Pictorial History (1970) page 23.

Also see:
Bishop Museum
http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnologydb/type.php?type=surfboard
Note:
Number:
06809     Koa,       12ft 2'' x 20.5''         370.8 x 52.1 cm
Number: 04684    Alaia, Koa       11ft 5'' x 20''         348 x 50.8  cm
Robert Louis Stevenson:
Diamond Head, Honolulu, 1889.


Knight, Alanna (ed.):
R.L.S. in the South Seas
Mainstream Publishing,
Edinburgh, 1986, page 91
.

... we sighted Hawaii ... The swell was the heaviest I have every been out in - I tried in vain to estimate the height, at least fifteen feet - came tearing after us about a point and a half off the wind. (February 1989)


Dr. Henry Bolton:
Surf Riders, Niihau, 1890.

The second of three photographs:
before they entered the water; while surf-riding, and after they came out.

Dr. Henry Bolton
Bolton, Dr. Henry Carrington (1843-1903) : "Some Hawaiian Pastimes"
Journal of American Folklore, Volume 4, Number 12, January - March, 1894.  Pages 21-25.

Originally presented at the annual meeting 11/28/1890, along with "projections of the original photographs."
No photographs in the article.
Dr. Bolton documented and photographed surfing, as well as surfed on Niihau.
Of note is that he noticed how different surfing actually was from its popular description.
"As commonly described in the writings of travelers, an erroneous impression is conveyed, at least to my mind, as to the position which the rider occupies with respect to the combing wave."
(Bolton quotes and compares Jarves, Isabella Bird and G. Cummings and points out the impossibility of the surf-riders position in Nordhoff's etching.) - see 7 below.
"Some pictures, too, represent the surf-riders on the seaward slope of the wave, in positions which are incompatible with the results.
I photographed the men of Niihau before they entered the water; while surf-riding, and after they came out.
The second view shows the position taken (Photographs exhibited)..."
Referred to by Tom Blake in Hawaiian Surfboard.

- DeLaVega: Surfing in Hawai'i (2011), page 12.

In 1891.the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institute recorded on page 104:
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
Dr. H. (J. Bolton, of New York City, presented 3 photographs of Hawaiian surf-boards and surf-board riding.
Hathi Trust
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951t001846985.

John S.B. Pratt : Scott Pratt, Waikiki, Hawaii, 1890.
 (Kodak photograph)

Reproduced in

Frizot, Michael (ed) : A New History of Photography.
Konemann Verlagsgesellsvhaft mbH. Bonner Str 126, D-50968 Kohn.
English Edition 1998, page 239.


Jarvis:
A Delightful Surf, 
Atlantic City, N.J., U.S.A., 
circa 19 October 1891.
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b05367 

This photograph illustrates the popularity of surf-bathing
at Atlantic City, on the east coat of USA, at the end 
of the19th century.


James J. Williams : Surf Board Rider, circa 1893.
[cropped]

Printed in 
Twombly, Alexander S. :
Hawaii and Its People
Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899, New York, 1899. 

The traditional malo (loincloth) was possibly a prop to enhance authenticity.

The book also includes 
 James J. Williams' 
Diamond Head, c 1893, see below,
and Webber's drawing
A View of KaraKakooa, in Owyhee, 1778.
See
Illustrations.


[James J. Williams] : 
Diamond Head, circa 1893.

Printed in 
Twombly, Alexander S. :
Hawaii and Its People
Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899, New York, 1899. 

A prone surf rider on a fairly long board in the 
shore break of Waikiki.

This is possibly the same surfer and board in the 
photograph above; note that the location, determined 
by the camera's perspective, is nearly identical.


Anonymous  :
Canoe Surf Riding at Waikiki, 1896.

This photograph, along with two illustrations, accompanied
Hawaiian Surf-riding, an  the article published in

Thrum, Thomas G. (editor) : 
Thrum 's Hawaiian Annual of 1986.
Honolulu, 1896.

For the illustrations, see:
Illustrations.



Native Hawaiians surf riders in double-hulled canoes, Waikiki, Honolulu, 1898.
Young, Lucien The Boston at Hawaii
,
Gibson Bros, 1898, page 86.

wiki commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surf-Riding,_Waikiki,_Honolulu_1898.jpg


Frank Davey: 
Native with Surf Board, Waikiki Beach, circa 1898.

One of several similar board portaits from the period, Tim DeLaVega accredits this to Frank Davey, one of several known to be taken of Charles Kauha with his surfboard at Waikiki in April 1898.
- DeLaVega: Surfing in Hawai'i (2011), page 32.

The traditional malo was possibly a prop to enhance authenticity.
The photograph appears, unaccredited, in the frontpiece of:

First published in
[Davey Photographic Co. Ltd.]:
History of the Hawaiian Islands 
and Hints to Travellers Visiting 
the Hawaiian Islands.
Davey Photographic Co. Ltd., Honolulu, 1899. 


Unaccredited : 
Juvenile Surfboard Riders, Waikiki, 1899.

Published in 
Craft, Mabel Clare:
Hawaii Nei.
W. Doxey, San Francisco, 1899.


Walter B. Townsend : A Native and his Surfboard, 1899.

This board portrait was published in

Olivares, José de:
Our Islands and Their People as Seen with Camera and Pencil.
N.D. Thompson Publishing Co., St. Louis, 1899.

 Identified by Herve Magnificat and posted on the Surf Blurb, 24 April 2013.


H. H. Henshaw : 
Showing the shape and size of the board
Hilo, Hawaii, circa 1900.

Printed in
Bryan, William Alanson:
Natural History of Hawaii.

The Hawaiian Gazette Company, Honolulu, 1915.

This is remarkably similar, but not identical, to a photograph said to be circa 1900, and published as a postcard by the Hilo Drug Company before 1907. 

See below, and

DeLaVega: Surfing Hawai'i (2011) page 33.




Waikiki Beach
Diamond Head in the background.

McMahon, P. Maurice:
From Fair Hawaiiland; Poems by P. Maurice McMahon.
Mercantile Printing Co., Honolulu,
[1900?]
Facing page 4.

Hathi Trust
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2t43nf2z


[H. H. Henshaw] :
Surf Riders, Hilo Bay, Hawaii, circa 1900.
Detail from a quality reproduction.

Note that the surfer to the left is wearing shorts,
the one on the right wearing the traditional malo.


Boys With Surf Boards Indulging in Their Favorite Sport on Beach at Waikiki near Honolulu, Hawaii, circa 1900.
10162 T - T 361
Keystone View Company
Meadville, Pa; New York, NY; Chicago, Ill; London, England.
Stereo images for viewfinder
.







Wilbur and Orville Wright:

Surf at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina,
circa 1900.


https://www.loc.gov/item/2001696448/





Detroit Publishing Co:

Surf Bathing
 [between 1890 and 1910]


https://www.loc.gov/item/det1994001748/PP/




Detroit Photographic Co.

In the surf at Old Orchard, Maine,  c1901.
Detroit Publishing Co., no. 53686.

In album prepared by Detroit Photographic Co.
to use as a catalog in its office.

Digital file from intermediary roll film.

https://www.loc.gov/item/det1994000149/PP/


Dr. Augustin Kraemer :
[Wave play] 
Das Wellenengleitspiel (Fa'ase'e), 
Samoa, 1902.

Printed in
Kraemer, Dr. Augustin:
Die Samoa-Inseln 
[The Islands of Samoa]
E. Schweizerbart Verlagsbuchhandlung 
(E. Nagele), Stuttgart, 1902. 


Anonymus : 
"Sea side Photographer, circa 1900."

Stereoscopic View, Private collection.
Frizot, Michael (ed) : A New History of Photography.
Konemann Verlagsgesellsvhaft mbH. Bonner Str 126, D-50968 Kohn.
English Edition 1998, page 182.

Below (from page 253):

Albert Londe :"Wave, from in front, 1903."

A six shot sequence of a small right-hand wave, location unknown, 
possibly on the coast of France.

  1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Dr. Sereno E. Bishop :
Diamond Head and Surf Boats, 1903.

This photograph was printed in a basic tourist promotional booklet.

Bishop, Dr. Sereno E.:
Scenery of Hawaii.
Honolulu, 1903.


R. W. Rice and A. W. Perkins:
Surf Boating and Riding at Waikiki, 1904.
(Page design by Julian Greenwood.)

Published in 
Nakuina, Emma Metcalf:
 Hawaii, Its People and Their Legends.
 Hawaiian Promotion Committee, Honolulu, H.T., 1904.

Three important early surf riding photographs illustrating canoe surfing
and board riding.

Both surfboard riding photographs were later produced as 
hand-tinted postcards, see below.

The standing surfer image was widely reproduced in 
the world press, including Western Australia's
Kalgoorlie Western Argus, Tuesday 15 June 1909, page 23.

The  photographs are displayed individually, below.







R. W. Rice and A. W. Perkins:
Surf Boating, 1904.

Later reproduced in the Outrigger Canoe 
Club program for the Clake Cup Contests
in 1910.

R. W. Rice and A. W. Perkins:
Surf Riding, 1904.

Later produced as a hand-tinted postcard, 
see below, and widely printed in the 
world press during 1908.


R. W. Rice and A. W. Perkins:
Prone Surf Riding, 1904.

Later produced as a hand-tinted postcard. 




Bathing Scene, Coney Island, 1904.

Isaac H. Blanchard Co.
Glimpses of the new Coney Island :
America's most popular pleasure resort;
reproduced from best and latest photographs
.

Isaac H. Blanchard Co.
268-270 Canal Street, New York,
c.1904, [page 8].



Hathi Trust
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t18k9qm8f

Hall & Co.:
Shooting the Breakers, Manly, circa 1905.
Hall & Co. Postcard.

Body surfing at Manly Beach, circa 1905.
Postmarked February 1908.


Baker, Honolulu:
The Surf at Waikiki, circa 1905.
Postcard.

Surfboard riders are in evidence 
on the far reefs.





Unaccredited :
Riding the surf at Waikiki, [1905]
Identified by Patrick Moser, January 2016.

New York Library
http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e3-dc4c-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99


Postcard:
Surf Riders at Waikiki, circa 1905.

Real photograph, undivided back.

Inscribed in pencil:
M. L. Wyles
Surfing at Waikiki






Unaccredited : 

Surf Riding at Waikiki, Honolulu, circa 1906.
Printed in
Coffee, Frank:
Forty Years on the Pacific
Oceanic Publishing Company,
New York, Sydney, 1925, facing page 76.



Prone-board surfer.
Sea Shore Hotel, Wrightsville Beach, N.C.
How about a swimming lesson? 3/27/07

Skipper Funderburg identified the prone-board surfer
in the bottom right of this postcard in 2010.

Post card image courtesy of New Hanover Public Library,
Robert M. Fales Collection.

Also see:

Funderburg, Joseph. Surfing on the Cape Fear Coast
SlapDash Publishing, Carolina Beach, 2008.

Unaccredited : 
Riding the Surf at Waikiki, 1906.

Printed in
New-York Tribune.
New York, February 18, 1906, page 17.

Similar to Rice and Perkins: Surf Boating,
1904, above.
In 1906, an almost identical image 
was produced as a postcard,
31. Canoe Surf Riding, Honolulu, H.T.

See:
DeLaVega: Surfing Hawaii (2011) page 31.


Alexander H. Ford [Edward P. Urwin]:
George Freeth, Spinning in on a Swift One, 1907.

As accredited when published in
The Hawaiian Gazette.
Honolulu, June 28, 1907, page 6.

The photograph accompanies an article by Ford extolling the surfing skills 
and, the occasionally questionable, exploits of George Freeth.
The photograph is captioned "Photo copyrighted by Alexander H. Ford," 
and the text reports Ford's difficulty in securing the shot.

However,  in Surfing Hawaii (2011) page 48, Tim DeLaVega 
accredits the photograph to Edward P. Urwin in 1908. 

It is also likely that the surfrider is not Freeth.




Surfboard Rider,
California, circa 1907.

L. M. Robin: The Joys of Surf-riding.
The Stand Magazine
[American edition]
International News Co., New York
Volume 38.Number 225, October, 1909

Hathi Trust
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hn4li5

Alexander Hume Ford : 
Hawaiian Boys and Their Surf-Boards, 1908.

Published in
Ford, Alexander Hume: A Boy's Paradise in the Pacific.
St. Nicholas
The Century Co., New York, August 1908.

This article featured several surf riding photographs,
including the photograph shown above.
However in this instance it  merely captioned 
Coasting Down a Wave, and does not identify Freeth.

This article also contained one photograph of canoe surf riding 
and the board portrait of Waikiki juveniles, shown left.







Wall, Nichols & Co.:
Surfing at Waikiki, Honolulu, circa 1908.

 Wall, Nichols & Co. Ltd., Publishers, Honolulu.
Made in Germany.
T Chrome No. 77.

Hand tinted.
Outrigger canoe surfing at Waikiki Beach, circa 1905.
Postmarked September 1909.

For the original photograph, see
Martin: Postcards (2008), page 100.
Variations on pages 11 and 14.


[Rice and Perkins] :
Surf-Board Riding, Honolulu,  1910.

Hand tinted version of Rice and Perkins' 
Surf Riding, 1904, above.

Postcard: Made in Germany. Number: 3584.
Mailed to: Mr. Anatole Kind, St Petersburg, Russia.
Message reads: Come on in - the water's fine, Sincerely, [indeciperable]. Honolulu T.H. 4/5/10
Postmarked: Honolulu, 6th April 1910.
        Stamps: Front: 1 cent, Blue, Columbus in sight of land.
Back: 2 cents, Red, Washington.


Gurrey's Art and Photo Suppies : Advertising Logo, 1910.
 [Duke Kahanamoku, Waikiki, 1910.]

Published in
Evening Bulletin., Honolulu, November 23, 1910, page 4.

This advertising logo was used extensively used by Gurrey to promote his photographic studio.
The photograph was reprinted on numerous occassions,  see below.


A.R. Gurrey Jr.  : 
Duke Kahanamoku, Waikiki, 1910.

Initially appearing as an advertising logo,
it was included in Gurrey's 
Surf Riders of Hawaii.
Honolulu, 1911-1914.

And as the cover photograph of
The Mid-Pacific Magazine
Volume 1, Number 1. 
Alexander Hume Ford, 
 Honolulu,  January, 1911.

Also see
A. R. Gurrey Jr.: Surf Riders of Hawaii.
St. Nicholas Magazine
The Century Co., New York.
Volume XLII, August, 1915.


George Freeth and 1910-type gremmies.
Left to right:
George Mithchell, Tommy Witt, Freeth, Ray Kegeris, Garry Witt.
[Hermosa]



Photograph: MR. Lemon, coutresy of Lou Martin
Stern and Cleary:
Surfing Guide to Southern California, 1963, page17.



Capt. T. C. Hincks:

Children bathing in the surf: Gold Coast colony, 1910.

Printed in
Johnston, Harry Hamilton, Sir :
Britain across the Seas:
Africa ... the British Empire in Africa
, 1910, page 56.
Internet Archive
https://archive.org/details/britainacrosssea00johnuoft

New York Library
http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-e5e7-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99


Unaccredited : 
Diamond Head from Waikiki Beach, 1911.

This photograph of juveniles riding prone surfboards in the shorebreak is one of three shots of Waikiki Beach printed in:

Hallock, Leavitt H.:
Hawaii Under King Kalakaua
Smith and Sale, Portland, Maine, 1911.


A. R. Gurrey Jr.:
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku,
Hawaii's Champion Swimmer of the World, 1912.

Printed in
The Mid-Pacific Magazine.
Volume 4, Number 5,
Alexander Hume Ford, Honolulu, December,1912.


The Island Curio Co.:
Sport in the Surf, Honolulu, 1911.
[postcard, hand tinted]
Published Exclusively for The Island Curio Co., 
Honolulu, T. H. [Territory of Hawaii]

Tim DeLaVega notes the image is a manipulated photograph, accredited to J. J. Williams, 1911, where the standing surfer to the left has been added from another photograph.
The image was used seven times by Williams, implying the rider was someone of significance.
While the rider has been said to be Jack London, DeLaVega questions this, noting that London wrote that he "did not learn to stand" in his article A Royal Sport, of 1907. 
- DeLaVega: Surfing Hawaii (2011) page 68.


Unaccredited : 
Duke Kahanamoku, 1912.

Printed in 
Aloha from Honolulu.
The Island Curio Company, 
Honolulu, T. H., circa 1912.


Unaccredited : 
Canoe Riding, Waikiki, 1912.

Printed in 
Aloha from Honolulu.
The Island Curio Company, 
Honolulu, T. H., circa 1912.

Probably hand-coloured or otherwise enhanced from a photograph..




Unaccredited : Surfboard enthusiasts at play, Waikiki.1912.
Published in
Shepstone, H.J.: The Surf-Board Riders of Hawaii.
The World Wide Magazine, England, November 1912, pages 30.

  Unaccredited : 
Riding the Waves on the
Honolulu Beach.

Sydney Mail
7 January 1914, page 26.
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158397091

Later published as
Native Hawaiians swimming, Waikiki Beach, 1922.
  in
Elder, Orville:
A Trip to the Hawaiian Islands
Evening Journal, Iowa,
1922, page 168.

Drawn as > 
Unaccredited : The Surf Board, 1912. 

Photograph printed in

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum:
Bishop Museum Handbook,
Part 1 : the Hawaiian collections.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 1915.

In 1912, a drawing was made of the photograph (attached)  and printed in

Alexander, Mary Charlottee:
The Story of Hawaii
American Book Company, New York, c1912.

 


Hawaii Promotion Committee:
Racing in the surf at Waikiki, 1915.
One of several, printed in 
Bryan, William Alanson:
Natural History of  Hawaii
The Hawaiian Gazette Company, Honolulu, 1915, page 80.




AN UNUSUAL FEAT IN SURF-BOARD RIDING.
Photograph by courtesy of
J. P. Gomes, Jr., Honolulu, Hawaii.
1916

Inland Printer- American Lithographer.
Maclean-Hunter Pub. Co., Chicago, March 1916
Volume 56 Number 6, page 779

Hathi Trust
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086783696




Unaccredited : 
Surf Riding at Waikiki, 1917.
Published in 
The Mentor: Hawaii.
Volume 5, Number 14, Serial No. 138
The Mentor Association
New York City, 1 September 1917.




Surfriding as Seen From the Cars  of the Rapid Transport Company.


Mid-Pacific Magazine

Alexander Hume Ford,
Honolulu, July 1917.
Volume 14 Number 1, Advertising, page 2.

Hathitrust

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.098054077?urlappend=%3Bseq=228

 A.R. Gurrey :
Riding in the Surf at Honolulu, Hawaii, 1919.
Printed in
The Geography of Games.
National Geographic Magazine
Volume XXXVI  Number Two. 
August, 1919, page 98.

Lewis Edwin Capps :
A Statue Bathed in a Whirl of Spray, 1920.
Published in
Capps, Lewis Edwin
A Song of  Hawaii.
Paradise of the Pacific, 
Honolulu,1920, page 91.

Capps collection of poetry includes 
The Surf Rider, pages 89 -90.




The most typical Hawaiian sport.


Mid-Pacific Magazine

Alexander Hume Ford,
Honolulu, July 1920.
Volume 20 Number 1, page 66.

Hathitrust

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.098054182?
urlappend=%3Bseq=68

and
[The Christies] : 
Archie and Agatha Christie with their surfboards, 
Waikiki, 1922.

Published in

Christie, Agatha: 
An Autobiography
Harper Collins, London, 1997, page 286.

In her recollections, Christie recounts her encounters with the surf 
at Torquay, Muizenberg, and Waikiki.

Frederick: O'Brien :
Over the reef in a canoe, Samoa, 1922.

Published in

O'Brien, Frederick:
Atolls of the Sun
McClelland, Toronto, 1922, page 113.

A rare.photograph of a Samoan canoe 
being ridden over a reef.

Hawaiian Tourist Bureau : 
Flying fishes play in Hawaii this spring, 1924.

Printed in
The Hawaiian Islands.
National Geograghic Magazine
Volume XLV Number Two, 
February 1924 , page12.

Unaccredited : 
Surf riding, Diamond Head, 1924.

Printed in

The Hawaiian Islands.
National Geograghic Magazine
Volume XLV Number Two, 
February 1924 , page155.

R. K. Bonine
Riding The Surf at Waikiki, 1924.
Printed in
The Hawaiian Islands.
National Geograghic Magazine
Volume XLV Number Two, 
February 1924 , plate x..

Note that the photograph has been colourised, and the 
rider nearest the camera  is wearing an Outrigger
Canoe Club  swimming costume..

Bonine  initially filmed surf riding for 
Pathe Films at Waikiki in 1908-1919. 

Unaccredited : 
Hand-Paddle Surf Canoe, 1927.

Published in

Paddle Surf Canoe
Popular Mechanics Magazine
,  Vol. 48, No. 5, November 1927, page 769..

An early (Tom Blake) Hollow Board prototype .

Harold Carneaux :
Surf Shooting, Coogee, 1929.

Published in

Curlewis, Jean and Carneaux, Harold: 
Sydney Surfing
Art in Australia, 1929.

Australian National Travel Association:
Five riders carrying solid timber boards, 1930.
Published in 
Australian National Travel Association:
Picturesque Australia.
Melbourne, circa 1930.

Probably taken at an Sydney inter-club competition, 
given the variety in costume colour, 
denoting their respective surf lifesaving club.

Australian National Travel Association:
Surfboard rider in action, 1930.
Published in 
Australian National Travel Association:
Picturesque Australia.
Melbourne, circa 1930, page 

.Possibly at Manly Beach, the image was
used as the template for a painting on glass
for an Australian beer manufacturer.

South Australian Government Publicity and Tourist Bureau:
Prone board riders at Victor Harbor, 
South Australia, 1930.
Published in 
Australian National Travel Association:
Picturesque Australia.
Melbourne, circa 1930.




Surf Board Riding, Hermosa Beach, 1941

(L.A. County Chamber of Commerce.)

Unusual elevated photograph
of laminated and hollow
 surfboards
shot from behind the break,
taken from the Hermosa Pier.
 
Published in

Writers' Program: Los Angeles;
a guide to the city and its environs.
Hastings House, New York, 1941, page 256.

Hathi Trust
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015029508374



Frizot, Michael (ed):  A New History of Photography.
Konemann Verlagsgesellsvhaft mbH.
Bonner Str 126, D-50968 Kohn, [English edition] 1998, page 238.

The Kodak appealed to the mass market because it was so simple.
It went on sale in 1888 when it used paper roll film (stripping film) which had to be processed in the factory.
Celluloid, invented in 1861, was produced in thin sheets for the first time by J. Carbutt and W. Hyatt.
In 1889 Eastman and his chemist Reichenbach coated long strips of celluloid with a photographic emulsion.
These strips were then rolled onto a spool.
Celluloid roll film was first sold for use in the Kodak later that year.
The No.1 Kodak (1889) had an improved shutter, and the No.2 Kodak used roll film, which produced bigger (90 mm diameter) pictures.
The No. 3 Kodak (1890) was the first Kodak to take rectangular photographs.
In 1891, three models of Daylight Kodak cameras appeared (these could be loaded in daylight as the film was protected by a black band).

In 1895 another novelty appeared, cartridge roll film, which, from 1913, was numbered according to its format starting from 101 size, the system still in use today.
It went with the Pocket Kodak camera, which also appeared in 1895.

Kodak at the Seaside, 1925.

The Brownie followed in 1900, for people of more modest means, costing one dollar.
It took its name from characters made popular in a cartoon series.
All these models were box-shaped and usually black.
Folding cameras had appeared as early as 1890, but the flatter Folding Pocket Kodak of 1897 led the way for a proliferation of different models : the Folding pocket Brownie, the Folding Hawk-Eye.
The Eastman Company (which in 1892 became Eastman Kodak) aimed its products at all c!asses of society,  with more expensive cameras like the Cartridge Kodak (1897) with its three-speed shutter, two viewfinders, and a sliding front to the No. 4 Panorama Kodak, for panoramic photographs (10 x 30 cm).
The greatest popularity was enjoyed by the Vest Pocket Kodak 1912) the soldier's camera, culminating in the Autographic versions (1914), which you could write a caption directly onto the negative after lifting a hinged flap on the back of the camera.                                                                     

Below : How to use the Kodak in three motions, 1889.



Introduction
Illustrations
Photography
Postcards



surfresearch.com.au
home catalogue history references appendix

Geoff Cater (2000-2017) : History : Photographs 1890-1930
http://www.surfresearch.com.au/z1800_Photographs.html